Prostate Cancer: Causes, Symptoms, Risk Factors & Prevention

Worldsfeed Health Desk: 5 July 2025,

What Is Prostate Cancer?

Prostate cancer is a type of cancer that begins in the prostate gland—a small but important part of the male reproductive system located below the bladder. Roughly the size of a chestnut, the prostate produces seminal fluid that nourishes and transports sperm.

When cells in the prostate grow uncontrollably, it can lead to prostate cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, prostate cancer is the second most commonly diagnosed cancer in men worldwide, just behind lung cancer.

The National Cancer Institute projects approximately 313,780 new cases in 2025 alone, accounting for 15.4% of all male cancer diagnoses, and about 35,770 deaths, or 5.8% of all cancer-related fatalities in men. These numbers highlight the urgent need for awareness, early detection, and lifestyle-based prevention.

Early-Stage Prostate Cancer: What You Should Know

Cancer staging is essential in understanding how far cancer has spread. Prostate cancer stages include:

Stage I & II (Localized): Cancer is limited to the prostate gland. Often shows no symptoms and is highly treatable.
Stage III (Locally Advanced): Cancer spreads to nearby tissues, such as the seminal vesicles.
Stage IV (Advanced or Metastatic): Cancer spreads to distant organs like the bones, lungs, or liver. This stage is more difficult to manage.

The TNM system by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) is commonly used to describe these stages.

Symptoms of Prostate Cancer

While early stages may present no clear symptoms, warning signs may include:

Frequent urination, especially at night
Difficulty starting or stopping urine flow
Weak or interrupted urine stream
Blood in urine or semen
Erectile dysfunction
Pain in the lower back, hips, or thighs

Major Causes and Risk Factors

The exact cause of prostate cancer remains unclear, but several risk factors have been identified:

Age: Risk increases significantly after age 50.
Family History: Having a father or brother with prostate cancer more than doubles your risk. American Cancer Society
Gene Mutations: BRCA1/BRCA2 mutations can elevate risk.
Obesity: Linked to aggressive forms and recurrence.
Smoking: Studies show smoking may increase recurrence and metastasis. National Library of Medicine

How Is Prostate Cancer Diagnosed?

Doctors may use the following tests:

Prostate-Specific Antigen (PSA) Blood Test
Digital Rectal Exam (DRE)
Prostate Biopsy
Imaging (MRI, CT scan, or bone scan)

Healthy Habits That May Help Prevent Prostate Cancer

Here are some practical ways to reduce your risk:

Regular Screening: Early detection can be life-saving. Speak to your doctor about PSA tests if you’re over 50 or have a family history.
Eat a Healthy Diet: Focus on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins. Tomatoes, rich in lycopene, are especially beneficial.
Stay Physically Active: Aim for 30 minutes of exercise most days.
Maintain a Healthy Weight: Obesity increases risk and severity.
Quit Smoking: Reduces your risk of recurrence and advanced stages.
Limit Alcohol Intake: Excessive drinking may increase cancer risk.
Manage Stress: Chronic stress can impact immunity and hormone levels.

Conclusion

Prostate cancer may not always show early warning signs, but staying informed and proactive about your health can make all the difference. By understanding risk factors and adopting healthy habits, you can significantly reduce your chances of developing this disease. Early detection, lifestyle changes, and professional screening are your best defense.

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